Metrics

Disclaimer: Given the rapid evolution of EVP technologies, this table is for general guidance only. Please check with the appropriate vendor for performance characteristics and costs of specific instruments and reagents.

 Speed (Duration
of Procedure)		 Throughput
(# Samples / Day)		 Scale (Minimum Input Volume) Scale (Maximum Input Volume) Resolution
(EVP Size LOD)		 Sensitivity (EVP Concentration LOD) Sensitivity
(# Cargo / EVP LOD)		 Instrument Cost per Sample Cost
Technologies Technology Type Bulk or Single Particle Phase Separation vs.
Characterization		 Physical Basis of Method Low: Days;
Med: Hours;
High: Minutes 		Low: 1-9/Day;
Med: 10-99/Day;
High: 100+/Day 		Low: <100 uL;
Med: 0.1-1 mL;
High: >1-100 mL;
Very High: >100mL 		Low: <100 uL;
Med: 0.1-1 mL;
High: >1-100 mL;
Very High: >100mL 		Low: >200 Nm;
Med: 80-200 Nm;
High: <80 Nm 		Low: >1010/mL;
Med: 107-1010/mL;
High: <107/mL 		Low: >100/EVP;
Med: 20-100/EVP;
High: <20/EVP 		Low: <$15K;
Med: $15K-$50K;
High: $51K-200K;
Very High: >$200K 		Low: <$5;
Med: $5-20;
High: >$21-100;
Very High: >$100 		Technology (Vendor) Technology (ERCC2 Research Group)
Fractionation
Ultracentrifugation (UC) UC Bulk Fluid Separation Density Low Low High High N/A N/A N/A High Low Beckman, Thermo
UC
VUMC
Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (DGUC) DGUC Bulk Fluid Separation Buoyant Density Low Low High High N/A N/A N/A High Med Iodixanol, Sucrose, Beckman, Thermo
DGUC
UCSF
Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) SEC Bulk Fluid Separation Size High Med Med Med N/A N/A N/A Low Med Sepharose, Superdex (Cytiva), Izon, Exospin (Cell Guidance Systems)
Izon qEV
UCSF
Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC/FPLC/HPLC) SEC/FPLC/HPLC Bulk Fluid Separation Size High Med Med Med N/A N/A N/A Very High Low Thermo, BioRad
FPLC
VUMC
HPLC
UC Davis
Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) IEC Bulk Fluid Separation Charge High Med Med High N/A N/A N/A Low Low Cytiva, BioRad, Qiagen ExoEasy
Ultrafiltration (UF) Filtration Bulk Fluid Separation Size High Med Med Med N/A N/A N/A Low Med Amicon (Millipore); Nanosep (Pall)
Tangential Flow Filt (TFF), Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation (AF4) Filtration Bulk Fluid Separation Size Med Med Med Very High High Low AF4 (Wyatt)
AF4
JHU
NanoEX
UND
Polymer Precipitation (PP) PP Bulk Fluid Separation Solubility Low Med Med High N/A N/A N/A Low Low PEG, ExoQuick (SBI)
PP
UCSD
Immunocapture (Manual) IC/manual Bulk Solid Separation Specific Epitopes Med Med Med High N/A N/A N/A Low Med Thermo, Miltenyi, BioLegend
Immuno-Magnetic Separation

UCSD
MGH
Immunocapture (Automated) IC/automated Bulk Solid Separation Specific Epitopes Med Med Med High N/A N/A N/A High Med
Immunocapture + ECL

MesoScale
Immunoseq

MesoScale
TFF/iSUF
OSU
MNM
UND
Acoustofluidic Separation (AFS) AFS Bulk Fluid Separation Size Med Low Med Med N/A N/A N/A High Low Ascent Bionano
AFS
UCLA/Duke
Isoelectric Focusing (CIF) IEF Bulk Fluid Separation Isoelectric Point Low Low Med High N/A N/A N/A High Low
Continuous Isoelectric Separation (CIF)

UND
Bulk Analysis
Protein Quantification Assay Bulk Fluid Characterization Peptide Bonds (BCA and Lowry); Basic Amino Acids (Bradford); Protein-Specific Fluorescent Dye (Qubit Protein Assay) High Med Low Low N/A Low N/A Low-Med Low Biccinic Acid Assay (BCA); Bradford; Qubit (Thermo); Lowry
UCSF
VUMC
UCSD
Phospholipid Assay Bulk Fluid Characterization Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds High Med Low Low N/A Low N/A Med Low Sulfovanillin Assay (SVA)
Nucleic Acid Assay Bulk Fluid Characterization Size/Charge (Bioanalyzer); Nucleic-Acid Specific Fluorescent Dye (Qubit) High Med Low Low N/A Low N/A Med Low Agilent Bioanalyzer
UCSD
Immunoblot (IB) Bulk Fluid Characterization Size/Charge and Specific Epitope Med Med Low Low N/A Low N/A Low Low Western Blot
UCSD
UCSF
MGH
JHU
ELISA (ELISA) Bulk Fluid Characterization Specific Epitopes Med Med Low Low N/A Low N/A Med Low ELISA
Multiplexed Immunocapture-Fluorescence (Immunocapture+ECL) IC/IF Bulk Solid Both Specific Epitopes Med Med Low Low N/A Low N/A High Med Custom Bead Assays (Luminex, Spherotech, Bangs); MesoScale Microwell-Array IC/ECL
Immunocapture + ECL

MesoScale
Multiplexed Immunocapture-Sequencing (ImmunoSeq) IC/seq Bulk Solid Both Specific Epitopes Low Med Low Low N/A Unknown N/A High Med
Immunoseq

MesoScale
Isoelectric Detection IEM Bulk Solid Characterization Isoelectric Point Low Low Low Low N/A High N/A High Low
IEM Sensor Technology

UND
Mass Spectrometry (MS) Bulk Fluid Characterization Mass-to-Charge Ratio Low Low Low Low N/A Low N/A Very High Med Bruker, Thermo
UCSD
UCSF
VUMC
JHU
PCR/RT-PCR Bulk Fluid Characterization Nucleic Acid Sequence Med Med Low Low N/A Low N/A High Low PCR, qPCR
UCSD
Sequencing (SEQ) Bulk Fluid Characterization Nucleic Acid Sequence Low Med Low Low N/A Low N/A Very High High Sequencing, RNA-Seq
UCSD
TGEN
VUMC
UCLA
MGH
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) DLS/NTA Bulk Fluid Characterization Brownian Motion and Refractive Index High Low Med Low Low Low N/A High Low Beckman
DLS/NTA
UW
Single Particle Analysis
Electron Microscopy (TEM/CryoEM) EM Single Solid / Fluid Characterization Deflection Of Electron Beam Med Med Low Low High Med High Very High Med TEM, SEM, Cryo-EM
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) AFM Single Solid Characterization Topography Med Med Low Low High Med High Very High Med AFM (Thermo, FEI, Others)
Optical Imaging (OI) OI Single Solid Characterization Fluorescence Detection Low Low Low Low High Med High Very High High ARC (Spectradyne), qSMLM (ONI), Exoview (Unchained Labs), ARC (Spectradyne)
qSMLM
COH/MGH
Microarray/TIRF

OSU
Molecular Beacons

HMS
Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) NTA Single Fluid Characterization Brownian Motion and Refractive Index High Med Med Low Med Med Low High Low NanoSight NS300 (Malvern), ZetaView (Particle Metrix), Envision3 (Hyperion), MANTA (Bruker)
Resisitive Pulse Sensing (RPS) RPS Single Fluid Characterization Displacement Of Conductive Fluid High Med-High Low Low Med Med Low High Med nCS1 (Spectradyne), Exoid (Izon), ARC (Spectradyne)
Flow Cytometry (FC) FC Single Fluid Characterization Light Scatter and Fluorescence Detection Med Med-High Low Low High Med High High Med CytoFlex (Beckman), Astrios EQ (Beckman), CellStream (Luminex), Imagestream (Luminex), Aurora (Cytek), Symphony (BD), A-60 MICRO_PLUS (Apogee), NanoAnalyzer (NanoFCM), vFC (Cellarcus)
FC
UCSD
FC
UCLA
FC
UCSF
FC
MGH
FC
NCI
FC
JHU
Nanoscale Flow Analyzer

UW
AFS Single EV Sorter

UCLA/Duke
FCM-Pass
NCI
Flow Cytometric Sorting FC + Sorting Single Fluid Both Light Scatter and Fluorescence Detection Low Low Med Low Low Low Low High High Astrios (Beckman), FACSAria (Becton Dickinson)
NanoFACS
NCI
FAVS
VUMC
Note High Is Better High Is Better Low Is Better High Is Better High Is Better High Is Better High Is Better Low Is Better Low Is Better